Practice Test for Applied-Probability-and-Statistics Certification Real 2026 Mock Exam
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NEW QUESTION # 14
Probability of drawing red or black card = ?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 0.25
- D. 1/2
Answer: A
Explanation:
In a standard deck of playing cards, every card is either red or black. Red cards consist of hearts and diamonds, and black cards consist of clubs and spades. There are 26 red cards and 26 black cards, for a total of 52 cards. The event "red or black" includes all possible cards in the deck. Therefore, the probability is 52 favorable outcomes out of 52 total outcomes, which equals 1. A probability of 1 means the event is certain.
Option B, 1/2, would be the probability of drawing a red card alone or a black card alone, not red or black.
Option C would mean the event is impossible, which is false. Option D would correspond to one suit out of four, such as hearts only. The word "or" combines both color categories, covering the entire sample space.
Study Guide references/topics: sample space, certainty, addition rule, card probability.
NEW QUESTION # 15
Type II error occurs when:
- A. Correct decision
- B. Null rejected when true
- C. Null accepted when false
- D. Data error
Answer: C
Explanation:
A Type II error occurs when the null hypothesis is false but the statistical test fails to reject it. In many answer choices, this is expressed as "accepting the null when false," though the more precise language is "failing to reject the null." This error is a false negative: the test misses a real effect, difference, or relationship. For example, if a medication truly improves recovery but a study fails to detect sufficient evidence of improvement, that is a Type II error. Option B describes a Type I error, which occurs when a true null hypothesis is rejected. Option C is not an error. Option D is too vague; statistical decision errors refer specifically to incorrect conclusions about hypotheses, not ordinary data-entry mistakes. The probability of a Type II error is denoted #, and statistical power is 1 # #. Study Guide references/topics: hypothesis testing, Type II error, null hypothesis, statistical power.
NEW QUESTION # 16
Z-score negative #
- A. Value above mean
- B. Equal to mean
- C. Value below mean
- D. Unknown
Answer: C
Explanation:
A z-score measures how many standard deviations a data value is from the mean. The formula is z = (x # #)/#, where x is the observed value, # is the mean, and # is the standard deviation. Since standard deviation is positive, the sign of the z-score depends on the numerator, x # #. If x is less than the mean, then x # # is negative, producing a negative z-score. Therefore, a negative z-score indicates that the observed value is below the mean. A positive z-score indicates a value above the mean, while a z-score of 0 indicates a value exactly equal to the mean. Option D is incorrect because the sign of the z-score gives direct positional information relative to the mean. Study Guide references/topics: z-scores, standard normal distribution, mean, standard deviation.
NEW QUESTION # 17
A school surveyed student participation in extracurricular activities. The survey found:
* The drama club had 50% of students participate.
* The science club had 30% of students participate.
* Both clubs had 15% of students participate.
What is the probability that a student participated in the drama club, given that they attended the science club?
- A. .3
- B. .40
- C. .15
- D. .5
Answer: D
Explanation:
This question asks for a conditional probability. The phrase "given that they attended the science club" means the science club group becomes the restricted reference group. The required probability is P(drama club | science club), which is calculated as P(drama and science) divided by P(science). The problem states that 15% of students participated in both clubs, so P(drama and science) = 0.15. It also states that 30% participated in the science club, so P(science) = 0.30. Therefore, P(drama | science) = 0.15 ÷ 0.30 = 0.50. This means that among students who attended the science club, half also participated in drama club. Option A gives the joint probability, not the conditional probability. Option B gives only the science club participation rate. Option C does not match the conditional probability calculation. References/topics from the Study Guide: conditional probability, joint probability, probability ratios, two-event probability.
NEW QUESTION # 18
Two dice rolled. Probability sum = 7?
- A. 1/12
- B. 1/6
- C. 6/36
- D. 5/36
Answer: C
Explanation:
When two standard six-sided dice are rolled, there are 6 × 6 = 36 equally likely ordered outcomes. To find the probability that the sum is 7, count all ordered pairs that produce 7. These are (1,6), (2,5), (3,4), (4,3), (5,2), and (6,1). There are 6 favorable outcomes. Therefore, the probability is 6/36, which simplifies to 1/6. Since the answer choices include both 6/36 and 1/6, the listed answer from the PDF uses the unsimplified equivalent form, 6/36. Option C, 5/36, omits one valid ordered pair. Option D, 1/12, is too small because it would represent only 3 favorable outcomes out of 36. This problem reinforces that dice outcomes are ordered when two dice are rolled, so (1,6) and (6,1) are counted separately. Study Guide references/topics: sample spaces, dice probability, favorable outcomes, theoretical probability.
NEW QUESTION # 19
Which graph displays data in a manner that is accurate?
- A. Line graph titled "Number of Feet Traveled."
- B. Bar graph titled "Number of Miles Traveled," with the vertical axis labeled in feet.
- C. Pie chart titled "Distance Traveled."
- D. Bar graph titled "Number of Feet Traveled," with the vertical axis labeled "Number of Feet" and the horizontal axis labeled "Student Travelers."
Answer: D
Explanation:
The accurate display is the bar graph labeled "Number of Feet Traveled" with the vertical axis showing the number of feet and the horizontal axis identifying the student travelers. For discrete observations associated with individual students, a bar graph is appropriate because each bar represents a separate category or individual and its height represents the measured value. Option A is inaccurate because its title states
"Number of Miles Traveled," while the vertical axis is labeled in feet; this creates a unit mismatch. Option C uses a pie chart, which is designed to show parts of a whole, not individual measured distances unless the goal is proportional composition. Option D uses a line graph, which is typically reserved for ordered change, especially over time; connecting student traveler values implies continuity or trend that is not justified. The correct graph must use consistent units, clear labels, and an appropriate display type. References/topics from the Study Guide: data displays, bar graphs, categorical identifiers, quantitative measurements, graph accuracy.
NEW QUESTION # 20
Mean of Poisson # = 5 = ?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
Answer: D
Explanation:
For a Poisson distribution, the parameter # represents the mean number of events occurring in a fixed interval.
Therefore, if # = 5, the mean is 5. This means that over many repeated intervals of the same size, the long-run average number of events per interval would be 5. The Poisson distribution is used for count data, such as calls per hour, accidents per week, or defects per batch, when events occur independently and at a constant average rate. A special property of the Poisson distribution is that its variance also equals #, so in this case the variance would also be 5. However, the question asks for the mean, so the direct answer is 5. Options B, C, and D are not supported by the stated parameter. Study Guide references/topics: Poisson distribution, # parameter, expected value, count data.
NEW QUESTION # 21
In a standard normal distribution, z-score for the mean = ?
- A. Cannot determine
- B. #1
- C. 0
- D. 1
Answer: C
Explanation:
A z-score measures how many standard deviations a value is above or below the mean. The formula is z = (x
# #) / #, where x is the observed value, # is the mean, and # is the standard deviation. If the observed value equals the mean, then x = #. Substituting into the formula gives z = (# # #) / # = 0 / # = 0. Therefore, the z- score corresponding to the mean is always 0 in any normal distribution, including the standard normal distribution. In the standard normal distribution specifically, the mean is 0 and the standard deviation is 1, so the mean lies exactly at z = 0. A z-score of 1 would indicate one standard deviation above the mean, and #1 would indicate one standard deviation below the mean. Study Guide references/topics: standard normal distribution, z-scores, mean, standard deviation.
NEW QUESTION # 22
68-95-99.7 rule: % within 1 SD?
- A. 50%
- B. 95%
- C. 99%
- D. 68%
Answer: D
Explanation:
The 68-95-99.7 rule, also called the empirical rule, applies to approximately normal distributions. It states that about 68% of observations fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean, about 95% fall within 2 standard deviations, and about 99.7% fall within 3 standard deviations. The question asks specifically for the percentage within 1 standard deviation, so the correct answer is 68%. In notation, this interval is # # # to # +
#, where # is the mean and # is the standard deviation. This rule is useful for interpreting spread in bell- shaped distributions. For example, if scores have mean 80 and standard deviation 5, then approximately 68% of scores fall between 75 and 85. Option B corresponds to 2 standard deviations, and option C corresponds approximately to 3 standard deviations. Option D is not part of the empirical rule. Study Guide references
/topics: empirical rule, normal distribution, standard deviation, spread.
NEW QUESTION # 23
Z-score = ?
- A. x/ #
- B. x # #
- C. # /x
- D. (x # # )/ #
Answer: D
Explanation:
A z-score standardizes a raw value by expressing its distance from the mean in standard deviation units. The formula is z = (x # #)/#, where x is the observed value, # is the mean, and # is the standard deviation. The numerator x # # measures how far the value is from the mean. Dividing by # converts that distance into standard deviation units. A positive z-score means the value is above the mean, a negative z-score means the value is below the mean, and z = 0 means the value equals the mean. Option B divides the raw value by the mean and does not measure standardized distance. Option C reverses the ratio incorrectly. Option D gives only the raw deviation and fails to standardize by the standard deviation. Z-scores are central in normal distribution calculations and comparisons across different scales. Study Guide references/topics: z-score, standardization, mean, standard deviation.
NEW QUESTION # 24
There are 20 men in a room whose heights are reflected in inches as 68, 70, 73, 67, 71, 68, 76, 70, 73, 66, 68,
69, 71, 74, 73, 72, 65, 60, 70, and 78 inches respectively.
What is the median of these data?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
Answer: C
Explanation:
The median is the middle value of an ordered data set. Because there are 20 observations, the number of data values is even, so the median is the average of the 10th and 11th values after the data are arranged from least to greatest. Ordering the heights gives 60, 65, 66, 67, 68, 68, 68, 69, 70, 70, 70, 71, 71, 72, 73, 73, 73, 74, 76,
78. The 10th value is 70, and the 11th value is also 70. The median is therefore (70 + 70) ÷ 2 = 70. This value divides the ordered heights into two equal halves: ten values are at or below 70, and ten values are at or above
70. The median is resistant to extreme values, so the low value 60 and the high value 78 do not distort it the way they could affect the mean. References/topics from the Study Guide: median, ordered data, measures of center, quantitative data.
NEW QUESTION # 25
95% CI = 50 ± 2. SE = ?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 0.5
- D. 2
Answer: B
Explanation:
A confidence interval has the structure estimate ± margin of error. The margin of error is calculated as critical value × standard error. For a 95% confidence interval using the normal approximation, the critical value is approximately 1.96, often rounded to 2 in introductory settings. The interval is given as 50 ± 2, so the margin of error is 2. Using the approximate 95% critical value of 2, we solve 2 = 2 × SE, giving SE = 1. More exactly, using 1.96 gives SE = 2/1.96 # 1.02, which rounds to 1. Option B confuses the margin of error with the standard error. Option C is too large, and option D would produce a margin of error near 1 under a 95% critical value. The correct standard error is approximately 1. Study Guide references/topics: confidence intervals, standard error, critical value, margin of error.
NEW QUESTION # 26
In a game, a coin is tossed, and a spinner with 8 equal spaces numbered 1 through 8 is spun.
What is the probability of getting heads on the coin and a number less than 3 on the spinner?
- A. 1/4
- B. 1/8
- C. 1/2
- D. 3/8
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 27
Probability of exactly 1 head in 2 coin flips = ?
- A. 1/4
- B. 1/2
- C. 3/4
- D. 0
Answer: B
Explanation:
Two coin flips produce four equally likely ordered outcomes: HH, HT, TH, and TT. Exactly one head occurs in two of these outcomes: HT and TH. Therefore, the probability is 2 favorable outcomes out of 4 total outcomes, or 2/4 = 1/2. This can also be computed using the binomial model. There are n = 2 independent trials, success probability p = 1/2, and exactly one success is required. The binomial calculation is C(2,1)(1/2)
^1(1/2)^1 = 2 × 1/4 = 1/2. Option B, 1/4, counts only one of the two favorable sequences. Option C, 3/4, includes outcomes with at least one head rather than exactly one head. Option D would mean certainty, which is impossible because HH and TT do not satisfy the condition. Study Guide references/topics: sample spaces, coin-flip probability, binomial probability, independent events.
NEW QUESTION # 28
Probability it does NOT rain = 1 # 0.25 = ?
- A. 0.75
- B. 0.25
- C. 0.5
- D. 0
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 29
Random variable X = number of heads in 4 coin flips #
- A. Both discrete and continuous
- B. Discrete
- C. Continuous
- D. Neither discrete nor continuous
Answer: B
Explanation:
The random variable X counts the number of heads obtained in 4 coin flips. Since it is a count, it can take only specific whole-number values: 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. It cannot take fractional values such as 2.5 heads. A random variable with countable possible outcomes is classified as discrete. This situation also fits a binomial framework because there is a fixed number of independent trials, each trial has two outcomes, and the probability of heads remains constant for a fair coin. A continuous random variable, by contrast, can take any value over an interval, such as time, weight, or height. The number of heads is not measured on a continuum; it is counted. Therefore, the correct classification is discrete. Study Guide references/topics: discrete random variables, binomial setting, coin-flip outcomes, probability distributions.
NEW QUESTION # 30
Histogram vs bar chart:
- A. Bar for numeric, histogram for categories
- B. Same
- C. Histogram for numeric intervals, bar for categories
- D. None
Answer: C
Explanation:
A histogram and a bar chart both use bars, but they display different types of data. A histogram is used for quantitative numerical data grouped into intervals, such as ages, weights, test scores, or commute times. The bars represent continuous or ordered numeric ranges, and the bars usually touch to show that the scale is continuous. A bar chart is used for categorical data, such as favorite sport, political party, product type, or survey response category. The bars are separated because the categories are distinct labels rather than continuous intervals. Option B reverses the correct uses. Option C is incorrect because the graphs are not the same even though both contain bars. Option D is invalid because option A states the standard distinction.
Correct graph selection depends on identifying whether the variable is categorical or quantitative. Study Guide references/topics: histograms, bar charts, categorical data, quantitative data displays.
NEW QUESTION # 31
Probability cannot be:
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. Negative
- D. Between 0-1
Answer: C
Explanation:
Probability values must lie between 0 and 1, inclusive. A probability of 0 means an event is impossible, while a probability of 1 means an event is certain. Values between 0 and 1 represent events with varying degrees of likelihood. A negative probability has no valid interpretation in standard probability theory because probability measures relative likelihood or long-run frequency, and neither can be less than zero. Option B is allowed because impossible events have probability 0. Option C is allowed because certain events have probability 1. Option D is allowed because ordinary uncertain events have probabilities strictly between 0 and
1. For example, the probability of rolling a 3 on a fair die is 1/6, which lies between 0 and 1. The only invalid option listed is negative probability. Study Guide references/topics: probability axioms, probability range, impossible events, certain events.
NEW QUESTION # 32
Given a normal distribution with a mean of 40 and a standard deviation of 6, what is the range that contains approximately 95% of the data?
- A. The range is from 28 to 52.
- B. The range is from 30 to 50.
- C. The range is from 34 to 46.
- D. The range is from 22 to 58.
Answer: A
Explanation:
For a normal distribution, the empirical rule states that approximately 95% of the data fall within two standard deviations of the mean. The mean is 40, and the standard deviation is 6. Two standard deviations equal 2 × 6
= 12. To construct the 95% interval, subtract and add 12 from the mean: 40 # 12 = 28 and 40 + 12 = 52.
Therefore, the range containing approximately 95% of the data is 28 to 52. Option D, 34 to 46, represents one standard deviation from the mean and corresponds to about 68% of the data. Option B, 22 to 58, represents three standard deviations from the mean and corresponds to approximately 99.7% of the data. Option C is not based on the stated standard deviation. The correct interval must be symmetric around the mean and extend exactly two standard deviations in each direction. References/topics from the Study Guide: normal distribution, empirical rule, mean, standard deviation.
NEW QUESTION # 33
Binomial distribution parameters = ?
- A. n, trials; p, success probability
- B. #
- C. # and #
- D. None
Answer: A
Explanation:
A binomial distribution is defined by two parameters: n and p. The parameter n is the fixed number of trials, and p is the probability of success on each trial. The model applies when trials are independent, each trial has two possible outcomes, and p remains constant. For example, if X is the number of heads in 10 fair coin flips, then X follows a binomial distribution with n = 10 and p = 0.5. Option B, #, is the parameter of a Poisson distribution, used for counts of events over intervals. Option C, # and #, commonly describes a normal distribution, where # is the mean and # is the standard deviation. Option D is incorrect because the binomial model has a precise parameter structure. Identifying n and p is essential before calculating binomial probabilities or expected value. Study Guide references/topics: binomial distribution, independent trials, success probability, discrete probability.
NEW QUESTION # 34
Probability of rolling an odd number on a die:
- A. 2/3
- B. 1/6
- C. 1/3
- D. 1/2
Answer: D
Explanation:
A standard six-sided die has six equally likely outcomes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The odd outcomes are 1, 3, and
5. Thus, there are 3 favorable outcomes out of 6 possible outcomes. The probability is 3/6, which simplifies to
1/2. This means an odd number is just as likely as an even number on a fair die. Option B, 1/3, would represent 2 favorable outcomes out of 6, which is not correct. Option C, 1/6, is the probability of rolling one specific number, such as only a 1. Option D, 2/3, would require 4 favorable outcomes out of 6. Since exactly half the faces are odd, the probability is one-half. Study Guide references/topics: theoretical probability, equally likely outcomes, sample space, favorable outcomes.
NEW QUESTION # 35
A standard deck of 52 playing cards, 13 with hearts, 13 with diamonds, 13 with clovers, and 13 with spades, is shuffled, and one card is drawn at random.
What is the probability of drawing a heart?
- A. 1/3
- B. 1/13
- C. 1/2
- D. 1/4
Answer: D
Explanation:
The probability of a simple event is calculated by dividing the number of favorable outcomes by the total number of equally likely outcomes. A standard deck contains 52 cards. The favorable outcomes are the hearts, and the question states that there are 13 hearts in the deck. Therefore, the probability of drawing a heart is 13
/52. This fraction simplifies by dividing both numerator and denominator by 13, giving 1/4. Option A, 1/13, would incorrectly treat one card as favorable out of 13 rather than 13 favorable hearts out of 52 total cards.
Option B, 1/2, would imply that half the deck consists of hearts, which is false. Option D, 1/3, does not correspond to the four equally sized suits in a standard deck. Since the four suits are equally represented, each suit has probability one out of four. References/topics from the Study Guide: theoretical probability, equally likely outcomes, fractions, sample spaces.
NEW QUESTION # 36
A marketing analyst is studying the relationship between customer age groups, teens, adults, and seniors, and their preferred shopping methods, online and in-store.
Which numerical measure is most appropriate for this study?
- A. Mean difference
- B. Five-number summaries
- C. Conditional percentages
- D. Correlation coefficient
Answer: C
Explanation:
This study involves two categorical variables: customer age group and preferred shopping method. Age group is categorical because customers are classified into groups such as teens, adults, and seniors. Shopping method is also categorical because customers are classified as preferring either online or in-store shopping.
When two categorical variables are analyzed together, conditional percentages are the most appropriate numerical summary because they describe how the distribution of one categorical variable changes within levels of another categorical variable. For example, the analyst could compute the percentage of teens who prefer online shopping, the percentage of adults who prefer online shopping, and the percentage of seniors who prefer online shopping. A five-number summary is used for quantitative data, not categorical data. Mean difference requires numerical measurements. A correlation coefficient measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two quantitative variables, so it is not appropriate here. References/topics from the Study Guide: two-variable categorical data, conditional percentages, categorical association, numerical summaries.
NEW QUESTION # 37
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